Review Caught Between The Dog And The Fireplug Politics Essay

Audit Caught Between The Dog And The Fireplug Politics Essay Ashworth in examining working with government officials expressed that the most significant activity of an administrator is to make bills and pass them into law. He further expressed that they are such a large number of terrible bills presented all through the country every year by government officials. This happens both in congress and at the state administrative level. To keep awful bills from turning out to be law, the establishing fathers in their insight drafted the constitution to guarantee that before any administrators thought become law, such a thought must accumulate enough help from different lawmakers, pass the two houses, under the steady gaze of marked into law by the representative or president. The president or senator has a veto right. He can decline to sign a bill into law. To abrogate a veto, the two parts of congress or state official must assemble phenomenal help. It takes two third dominant part casts a ballot by individuals from congress or state administrative body to supersede a representative or presidential veto. Ashworth went further to call attention to that since it takes a ton of help from different administrators to pass a bill into law, lawmakers in key positions gadget different intends to keep certain bills from seeing the light of the day, particularly when they contradict such a bill. The different subcommittees are one of such key amazing administrative body. Ashworth depicts how he so regularly gets mocked by individuals from an authoritative subcommittee who can't help contradicting his declaration. He depicts how frail he regularly feels even with officials who appear to have all the forces and can decide on choices that can straightforwardly affect his life. In one occurrence, an official casted a ballot to have his pay cut, since he affirmed against the lawmakers bill. In the wake of perusing Ashworths letter about lawmakers, I quickly began reexamining my very own choice to consider open approach, particularly on the off chance that I end up possessing a similar portfolio as Ashworth. Be that as it may, all things considered, I answered to myself. In each calling, there are positives and negatives. We need to see Ashworths letter fundamentally. Ashworth regretted when he composed that if legislators are resolved to humiliate you, they may show practically zero respect to realities, figures or conditions. In light of that I will say this. Except if the bill being talked about has a mind-boggling support from individuals on the two sides of the path. I accept that lawmakers on Mr. Ashworth side of the issue will rise up to guard him, support him so as to put forth their defense. They wont situate still and watch a declaration that underpins their motivation satirized and assailed. On the off chance that specific gatherings of administrators are char ging Mr. Ashworth of being inefficient, and they resort to terrorizing and adulteration of figures to come to their meaningful conclusion, one marvels where government officials on the opposite side of the issue were during this declaration. In this letter, Ashworth harped such a great amount on the restriction. Obviously the resistance will be blazing so as to put forth its defense. I am cheerful that lawmakers who represented projects Ashworth was executing will counter with power to guarantee that such a program doesn't stop to exist. Ashworth never expressed that his program was shut. I am certain the intensity of his declaration alone didn't spare the projects he actualized for the numerous years he served out in the open help. He didn't have a vote, everything he did was affirm and grandstand how gainful the projects he actualized will be to the populace. A definitive choice rested with the government officials who had the vote. One will intelligently reason that the lawmakers that casted a ballot to keep on financing his program more likely than not spoken with regards to their votes during such hearings. Be that as it may, he kindly referenced such articulations in his letter. He harped such a great amount on the perspectives on the resistance. He neglected to comprehend that the restricting perspective in legislative issues isn't generally there to hinder development, but instead to forestall abundance and misuse. In any case, it is critical to recognize a portion of the issues brought up in Ashworths letter. Once in a while the connection among administrators and government officials can be rough and brimming with superfluous reprisal. I was especially incensed by the activities of the administrator who turned to diminishing Ashworths compensation as a restitution for his declaration against his bill. I wonder why one official will have such a great amount of capacity to settle on a choice that is uncalled for to a local official, who didn't overstep any laws or mocked any strategies. I will address where different officials where, particularly advocates of Ashworths programs when the choice to decrease his pay in the detail spending plan was made. In the event that I had the chance to address Mr. Ashworth, I will put the accompanying inquiries to him: Did he Mr. Ashworth take up the issue of his compensation decrease with the proper specialists remembering key individuals for the senate who directed the decrease? I will likewise need to recognize what sort of reaction he returned from them. 2. Clarify the representation in the title and quickly clarify how this is vital to seeing how to function with the press, undesirable individuals, pioneers, administering sheets, and organizations. The Metaphor Gotten between the pooch and the fireplug implies that amidst the requests and unavoidable wasteful aspects related with open policymaking and program usage, a smart community worker can shape strategy, have a great time and a fruitful vocation. That illustration can be better depicted in the expressions of the savant, scholar Thomas Aquinas who once stated: excellencies in medio detail ideals remains in the center. A strategy creator ought to have the option to locate a sensible center ground in managing the media, overseeing sheets, pioneers and horrendous individuals. To be a successful arrangement producer, one can't be on the extraordinary. One needs to discover balance, yet firm in settling on the correct choices, which may in some cases be disliked. The press Ashworth starts by expressing that the media has a basic task to carry out in a majority rule government versus strategy making and program execution. He further instructed that it is the obligation concerning the media to keep the open educated with regards to what is happening in the nation. On the off chance that any administration chooses to stay quiet about the entirety of its activity from the media, the capacity of the individuals to control that legislature will stop to exist. In any case, be that as it may, he exhorted that there ought to be a breaking point and timing regarding what can be spread to the media. In the event that the media has earlier information on administrative exchange and announced such unreservedly, such a report can hamper or even handicapped person an administration venture. A powerful arrangement is one led behind shut entryway, after which the substance of such exchange is then given to media. This will help secure the honesty of exchange. An approa ch creator will do themselves a damage in the event that they decide not to illuminate the press regarding the result of an exchange. It is essential to comprehend as Ashworth states, that the media has a vocation to satisfy, and it is the activity of the arrangement producer to ensure that the press gets all the data they need at the ideal time. This is if the arrangement producer has the responses to the inquiry. The approach producer ought to be real to life with the media. On the off chance that he can't offer the responses to the inquiries presented, he should state hence. Ashworth exhorted that it makes for better connection with the press on the off chance that they realize that the arrangement creator being referred to is consistently authentic. An approach producer may take the similarity to a radical or even a tyrant in the event that he purposely decides to keep relevant data that is for open utilization from the press. There must be abalance. The data must be given at th e opportune time, and not retained out appropriately. The similitude utilized in the title of the book is likewise clear in what Ashworth calls lowliness. Ashworth attests that as an arrangement creator, a little lowliness makes a difference. For one to be a successful approach producer and program director, one must be available to analysis. Along these lines, a reasonable and precise analysis from the media ought not be viewed as an assault, but instead as a chance to reexamine and re address the issues one is being condemned for. Nobody is great. Ashworth likewise makes reference to that another technique utilized in pursuing the media is to be mindful with ones reactions of the media. In the event that an arrangement creator discovers that a story was in precisely composed by a journalist, it is consistently judicious to move toward the essayist first, before their supervisors. By so doing, the journalist will be progressively precise, and even check in with the said strategy producer for exactness later on. Disagreeable People Ashworth in his letter to his niece about disagreeable individuals expresses that out in the open assistance one doesn't have the privilege to state precisely how one feels notwithstanding troublesome and now and again harsh situation. As a community worker one needs to consistently find that balance not to appear to be annoying or known to talk down on individuals. One must be mindful so as not to be marked an elitist. This infers the figurative title of the book being looked into. Ashworth states that an adequate conduct is one set from the top to the base. Accordingly, an approach producer who is in charge of a legislative organization sets the standard of conduct which constantly comes off on his subordinates. Ashworth expressed that as opposed to assault an absurd individual who is engendering a doubtful thought, it is now and then astute to make a stride back and let the circumstance unwind itself. He gave a stunning case of a business person who was attempting to drift a colle ge at a low degree of value and execution. At a conference intended to guarantee that the state doesn't close the college, even the business people attorney was alarmed with respect to the degree of his customers ineptness. The business people attorney realized that his customer didn't have a body of evidence against the administration. One can resolve preposterous conditions in broad daylight administration by permitting those conditions to uncover themselves. Pioneers In managing those put above you, one needs to conjecture or even discover what ones pioneers or chief

Ask an Expert How to Boost your Author SEO Reedsy

Request that an Expert How Boost your Author SEO Reedsy Step by step instructions to Boost your Author SEO: An Interview with Murray Izenwasser As a creator in the first place phases of a showcasing procedure, where do you start with regards to creator Search Engine Optimization (SEO)? It tends to be exceptionally overwhelming rivaling huge distributing houses just as effectively fruitful and notable creators. To help tackle this extremely significant point, we had SEO master Murray Izenwasser give his bits of knowledge on how precisely writer SEO works.Click play underneath to watch the video visit or read the transcript beneath! Hello there Murray, I truly welcome you conversing with me today. Why don’t you begin by giving us a touch of foundation on yourself and Biztegra?Thank you! I’ve been doing the online stuff since the 90s so quite a while, however Biztegra has been around for around 6 or 7 years now. At the point when we began Biztegra we needed to bring the advanced office and the manner in which we approach it to a littler association. We complete two things: advertising on one side and innovation on the other. With advertising, we do the advancements for look on social and versatile applications and for innovation we have designers in Argentina who work out the web, social, and portable applications we have to help those promoting programs.Last year, we propelled an item called Publishr, which is where our distributing customers will have the option to move their sites over and onto. In the distributing business, we’ve found that there’s a great deal of chances for sites to improve. Truly, individuals in distributing were â€Å"bound† to conventional printing and now the individuals who are left are the onesThat's incredible and I concur with you that it extremely simply comes down to time and not irritating your crowd. This has been useful for our creators who are either attempting to rank higher on Google or building their creator site or attempting to pick up traffic on their online journals. Much thanks to you so much, Murray!Follow Murray Izenwasser and Reedsy on Twitter: @MurrayIz and @ReedsyHQHave you tried different things with SEO and Content Marketing? Do you have an advertising system for your next book dispatch? Tell us your musings, or ask Murray any inquiry you need, in the remarks underneath!

My plans for the Future Free Essays

The contemporary society is a somewhat remorseless condition. Those, who are certain, accomplished and rich, feel comfortable in it, however there are individuals who need assistance changing in accordance with the current conditions, and those are social specialists who give them help and backing. As I would like to think, kids are the most powerless gathering, the one that needs the most consideration and endeavors from the social specialists. We will compose a custom article test on My arrangements for the Future or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now That is the reason I am going to work in a school setting in the wake of getting my MSW degree. Kids, teenagers and grown-ups are three unique gatherings, and each of these has its particular needs. That is, as I would like to think, what triggers a large portion of the contentions in the school setting. The social worker’s objective is to give a domain at school that would suit the necessities of these age gatherings. I additionally feel it is significant that the social laborer ought to offer mental help to both the understudies and working staff, for to assist with tackling the current issues, and to advise their customers on the best conduct systems for to forestall the development of comparative clashes in future. It’s notable that the greatest piece of issues understudies have establishes in their family lives. A social laborer in a school setting is giving individual and family guiding, for to help with taking care of the issue. I believe I am fit for assessing the entirety of the parts of tricky circumstance, of clarifying my customers where the issue is, and of prompting them on changing their practices. Along these lines, as I would see it, I would have the option to adapt in a school setting. It is likewise that I’m sure that the crippled understudies ought to be allowed a chance to get the typical instruction. Adjusting the conventional schools to the requirements of handicapped understudies, and adjusting the understudies to the necessities of the schools’ condition is a difficult assignment. I feel that schoolers are a gathering that needs most help with adjusting to the encompassing scene. In a similar time I realize I am capable of adapting to the assignments this position calls for. I trust I will have the option to get the degree required for to arrive at my objective. The most effective method to refer to My arrangements for the Future, Papers

The Purpose Of Business Process Outsourcing - Free Essay Example

Business process outsourcing is a process, which the product or services is provided by a company, for the support of achieve the goal of main business in another firm, such a way that the process is economically efficient and effectively protect the quality and the cost. That can be divided into two categories. Those are; 1. In -shore outsourcing 2. Offshore outsourcing In-shore outsourcing This is an outsourcing process, which produce service or goods for the company by different manufactures in different locations within the same country. As an example, vehicle bearings for the Toyota Company are producing by Koyo bearing Company. Both the companies are situated in Japan. However, Toyota specialized in vehicle manufacturing not in bearing manufacturing and Koyo specialized in bearing production and designing. Both the companies are getting benefit from producing exceptional ultimate product at competitive price. Airline industry is also one of the best examples for this. They sell travel tickets for some destinations, which they do not fly. As an example, British Airways normally do not fly to Sri Lanka, as it is not a profitable destination for them. However, they sell tickets to Sri Lankan destinations link with the Cathy Pacific airways. By doing this they do satisfy the customer and at the same time they are making the profit. In this business process, both British Airways and Cathy Pacific get win-win situation and reciprocally beneficial the business culture. Offshore outsourcing Simplest meaning of the offshore is Any country other than your own country. In offshore outsourcing companies in developed countries export, IT related work from developing countries, which are politically stabilized, and has the lower labour cost. This type of outsourcing has become a reality because of the globalization. Nowadays most of the organizations are using offshore outsourcing as a weapon to compete with their competitors. Competition among the business firms are growing rapidly day-by-day and therefore reducing the cost of the products and services and improving the efficiency makes the organisations to satisfy their customers and remain strong in the business environment. At the same time, host country is benefited from this, as they do not want to spend huge sum of money in training staff and motivation staff. In short, they can cut the high level of labour cost. On the other hand, offshore outsourcing helps organizations to give more attention on their core process such as, merges acquisitions, sales, business expansions and quality of the products. When the firms are having enough resources and time, they can achieve their targets without putting much effort on it. Offshore outsourcing has become a necessity of the banking sector within Asia and Gulf region. Software outsourcing and call centres have become more popular during the last decade. Ever since the term offshore outsourcing has come into the topic, it shows the continuous growth in both value and volume. Call Centres and its effect to the host country Call centres are essential components of many large businesses. While some firms choose to create internal call centres, many now purchase call centre support services from other firms. In a typical outsourcing arrangement, a firm (the client) hires a call centre specialist (the vendor) to provide sufficient technology and staff to serve the clients customers. The client specifies the quality of service and the financial terms in a detailed contract, which may include queuing performance criteria (e.g. 80% of callers wait less than 20 sec.), customer satisfaction requirements(as measured by surveys or observed by monitoring calls), and financial rewards and penalties. Motivated by contracts used by one large vendor, then how the terms of real world call centre outsourcing contracts affect the capacity investment decisions of the vendor as well as the financial performance of the client, vendor, and the system as a whole. Global business environment is very competitive and volati le. Business organisations cannot be survived without reducing the cost of product or service. Because of that reason, it is natural that, most of the business organizations are tend to minimise the cost and do optimization of the resource allocations. World of business is consists of many large as well as medium and small scale of business firms. All the industries are looking forward to grow faster with the reduction of the cost. In order to done the quality work by the low cost of them are using off shore outsourcing centres. However, not only the costs but also there are many other factors, which have the influence of becoming this concept a more popular. The major reasons for the outsourcing of low cost locations can be explained as follows. The main reason is it reduces the production cost of goods and services. Second one is, it can be increase the capacity of the production, by putting the same effort because it can be high benefit within the own company. However, outsour cing can produce more products with lower cost. This means using same cost, we can produce more products. Third one is it is low risk and low investment for the launching of new product or developing existing product. The other reason is that, it helps to expand the business without encumber of high investment or less cost of capital. It can create the dominant in the market with competitive prices and regardless of the high price pressure and without gaining heavy losses. Off shore locations are the most common business process outsourcing (commonly known as BPO) practice in most business organizations situated in the developed countries like United States, European Economic Countries (EEC), Canada and Japan. Their call centres are located in most developing countries like Maxico, India, China and Thailand. According to one of the examples published in the industry magazine, an American business firms could be save up to ten percent by attending to the domestic US Spanish-spe aking market, it outsourcing its call centres to Latin American countries like Mexico instead of inside the United States. On the other hand, it could be save up to twenty percent to forty Percent if its situated in India, Philippines and South Africa. (Call Centre Magazine 2009 Sept). Because of this reason, most business organizations tend to locate their call centres in off shore countries. Average Annual Salaries of Call Centre Operator According to the data which have been gathered from the Gartner in the year 2007 (Gartner is one of the largest Information Technology research and analysis firms in the United States) most of the information technology related business organizations will either be investigating the possibility to outsourcing their part of business or have already outsourced some work overseas through call centres. It is nearly 60% of the whole information technology business in the United States alone. HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Corporation Limited) call centres get time difference advantage for their customers. HSBC is facilitated their banking service to all the customers in 24 hours in 365 days. Their calling centres situated in low cost locations like India, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Poland, Peru, Egypt and Mexico. HSBC can provide exceptional banking service all the time in all over the world. As an example in London customer wants to transfer money to another account or any banking ser vice at early morning five a clock it can operate from the call centre in Sri Lanka. The call automatically connects to the appropriate call centre and for doing customer request within short time. Using this kind of service business organizations can provide better customer service and customer satisfaction while spending less money and improving the image of the business. By providing the best service at all the time throughout the year more number of customers will attract towards the company and at the same time existing customers will not go for any alternatives as they are happy with the service they are getting. Most of the business organizations tend to formulate strategic outsourcing plans to assessing the relative and risks of making or buying, companies can leverage their skills and resources for increased profitability. By making strategic plans, organizations are willing to make use of their resources to have better rewards. According to the James Brian et. al The re are two main strategies of outsourcing approaches can be seen in the present business environment. When properly combined those, allow managers to leverage their companies skills and resources well beyond levels available with other strategies: Concentrate the firms own resources on a set of core competencies where it can achieve definable pre eminence and provide unique value for customers Strategically outsource other activities including many traditionally considered integral to any company for which the firm has neither a critical strategic need nor special capabilities. As an example, two different Australian and United States companies can be illustrated in this point of view: Nike, Inc. is the largest supplier of athletic shoes in the world and it outsourcers 100 percent of its shoe production and manufactures only key technical components of its Nike Air system. Athletic footwear is technology- and fashion-intensive, requiring high flexibility at both the pr oduction and marketing levels. Nike creates maximum value by concentrating on pre production (research and development) and post-production activities (marketing, distribution, and sales), linked together by perhaps the best marketing information system in the industry. Using a carefully developed, on-site expatriate program to coordinate its foreign-based suppliers, Nike even outsourced the advertising component of its marketing program to Wieden Kennedy, whose creative efforts drove Nike to the top of the product recognition scale. Nike grew at a compounded 2O percent growth rate and earned a 31 percent ROE for its shareholders through most of the past decade. Knowing it could not be the best at making chips, boxes, monitors, cables, keyboards, and the like for its explosively successful Apple II, Apple Computer outsourced 70 percent of its manufacturing costs and components. Instead of building internal bureaucracies where it had no unique skills, Apple outsourced critical it ems like design (to Frog design), printers (to Tokyo Electric) and even key elements of marketing (to Regis McKenna, which achieved a $100 million image for Apple when it had only a few employees and about $1 million to spend). Apple focused its internal resources on its own Apple DOS (Disk Operating System) and the supporting macro software to give Apple products their unique look and feel. Its open architecture policy stimulated independent developers to write the much-needed software that gave the Apple IIs customers uniquely high functionality. Apple thus avoided unnecessary investments, benefited from its vendors RD and technical expertise kept itself flexible to adopt new technologies as they became available, and leveraged its limited capital resources to a huge extent. Operating with an extremely flat organization, Apple enjoyed three times the capital turnover and the highest market value versus fixed investment ratio among major computer producers throughout the 1980s. The call centres are the foreign direct investment (FDI) of the host country. It is very interested study effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the empirical literature on host country. Multinationals are larger and strong financial and tactical organisations, which have the capable of conducting more research and development, use advanced technology, and maintain higher standard and the pay higher wages than the domestic country. When the call centres establish in the host country, automatically all these benefits transfer to them. For an instance, Vodaphone is one of the largest multinational mobile telecommunication companies. It is the second largest mobile company in the UK but their customer care call centres located in India and other developing countries. They had done off shore outsourcing with their customer care call centres. The host country India gets many benefits. As they can reduce the unemployment and increase, the Per capita income and Gross Domestic Produc t (GDP) and they can increase the aggregate productivity even without spending a single penny. These call centres buy equipment, and accessories from the domestic market. It indirectly increases the production of local companies. The host country employees receive advanced training and career development programme in international level. These are prominent advantages, which robotically gain from the mother company. Even though host country receives these benefits, sometime a risk of job loss in acquisitions of existing local call centres by new foreign company is there. Sometimes business activities of these call centres can be affect the performance of the domestic business organizations. After considering a result of a survey, GÃÆ'Â ¶rg and Greenaway (2004) concluded that, However, the direct effect which foreign entry has of bringing about a change in the composition of firms in the host country is less studied. As foreign firms tend to be larger and more productive than domes tic firms In the process of offshore outsourcing both business organizations obtain remarkable benefit which one organization achieve cheap labour cost, skilled labour and quality product than the produce in their own country. On the other hand, host country gain employment, foreign exchange and technology. Most of the multinational business organization establishes their call centres in offshore locations shows remarkable less absenteeism and employee turnover than in the own country. Because of these reason most of the multinational companies in the United Kingdom, United States and European countries, do not have to worry about retaining their employees by paying very high salaries, attractive incentives and lucrative benefit packages. And even if the salaries are higher than the standard rate of the local country it is much lower than the United kingdom, United States and European countries, because of this reason most of the larger organizations tend to outsourcing their ser vice to increase the profit margin through the downsizing the cost. On the other hand, it can obtained benefit of different languages speaking environment. As an example most telecommunication companies in the United Kingdom, call centres are placed in India. Their customers, who cannot speak English properly, can speak their own Indian language. This is beneficial for the both customer satisfaction and the business point of view. In other example according to the Dave article on The outsourcing Low cost line shows some project not receive, expected benefit from the project and it take more time and the cost than shown in original project report. Meanwhile the article of Grog Hogler and Aoife Hanley in economic and Social Review journal says that the remarkable increase of profit can be shown in production industry. However, some disadvantages and negative effects can also see in the business process outsourcing. Those are common in global business environment. As there can be some disadvantages many countries, make political agreement to prevent business organization and their customers. One of the main barriers in outsourcing in low cost locations is that, difficulty of time correction or spot correction. At the same time, delivery time and payments also can be a problem. In addition to that, if it is off shore outsourcing it can be undergoes to import tax and regulations, cultural difference and business ethics and at the same time, the time difference and the logistical complications should be expected. The second example is the telemarketing doing by using the call centres. Most of the multinational food and perfume companies are doing their promotions, marketing and selling by using call centres. Some of the companies have their own satellite to improve communication effectively, efficiently and cheaply between them and their customers. For an example super market, giant Wall Mart has their own satellite to operate better communication between t hem and their customers. This plays negative impact to the host country or domestic business firms, multinational business organisations can sell their product very low price while cannot compete the domestic firms. Because of these reason local business organizations cannot be survive and the local business may be suffer from the international call centres. Conclusion Production of goods and the hiring the service from the low cost locations has become an important source of investment and development in many emerging economies. At the same time, most of the multinational and medium scale companies have already paid their attention to use of their services from low cost off shore outsourcing. There is a sharp increscent in establishing offshore call centres throughout the world in last few years. Especially in developing countries like, India and Sri Lanka as they do have very cheap labour cost. (Not only the labour cost is low but also in these countries, they do have skilful, unemployed people those who are willing to work these kinds of call centres.)According to the Tomiura Eiichi, most of the companies are getting benefits from the lower cost and the exceptional product performance. However, according to Holger GÃÆ'Â ¶rg, all of the off shoring outsourcers activities not acquiesce the predictable results. Then the choice of where to lo cate offshore facilities is an important and complex one that has substantial implication for both the investing firm and the host country. The multinational companies select their host country using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). According to the research done by Amiti, Mary and Shang-Jin Wei, they found that India, China, Pakistan, Slovakia, Mexico, Ireland, Netherland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom are attractive locations for services outsourcing. These countries use their resources or input most efficiently in order to produce output that makes them attractive for service out sourcing. Most of these host counties have at least one core-efficiency for creating core competency among the key inputs of wages, education and infrastructure. Word count 2935

The Origin of the Modern Calendar in Ancient Egypt

The way in which we divide the day into hours and minutes, as well as the structure and length of the yearly calendar, owes much to pioneering developments in ancient Egypt. Since Egyptian life and agriculture depended upon the annual flooding of the Nile, it was important to determine when such floods would begin. The early Egyptians noted that the beginning of akhet (inundation) occurred at the heliacal rising of a star they called Serpet (Sirius). It has been calculated that this sidereal year was only 12 minutes longer than the mean tropical year which influenced the flooding, and this produced a difference of only 25 days over the whole of Ancient Egypts recorded history. 3 Egyptian Calendars Ancient Egypt was run according to three different calendars. The first was a lunar calendar based on 12 lunar months, each of which began on the first day in which the old moon crescent was no longer visible in the East at dawn. (This is most unusual since other civilizations of that era are known to have started months with the first setting of the new crescent!) A thirteenth month was intercalated to maintain a link to the heliacal rising of Serpet. This calendar was used for religious festivals. The second calendar, used for administrative purposes, was based on the observation that there was usually 365 days between the heliacal rising of Serpet. This civil calendar was split into twelve months of 30 days with an additional five epagomenal days attached at the end of the year. These additional five days were considered to be unlucky. Although there is no firm archaeological evidence, a detailed back calculation suggests that the Egyptian civil calendar dates back to circa 2900 BCE. This 365-day calendar is also known as a wandering calendar, from the Latin name annus vagus since it slowly gets out of synchronization with the solar year. (Other wandering calendars include the Islamic year.) A third calendar, which dates back at least to the 4th century BCE was used to match the lunar cycle to the civil year. It was based on a period of 25 civil years which was approximately equal 309 lunar months. The Leap Year in Ancient Egypt An attempt to reform the calendar to include a leap year was made at the beginning of the Ptolemaic dynasty (Decree of Canopus, 239 BCE), but the priesthood was too conservative to allow such a change. This pre-dates the Julian reform of 46 BCE which Julius Caesar introduced on the advice of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenese. Reform did, however, come after the defeat of Cleopatra and Anthony by the Roman General (and soon to be Emperor) Augustus in 31 BCE. In the following year, the Roman senate decreed that the Egyptian calendar should include a leap year, although the actual change to the calendar didnt occur until 23 BCE. Months, Weeks, and Decades The months of the Egyptian civil calendar were further divided into three sections called decades, each of 10 days. The Egyptians noted that the heliacal rising of certain stars, such as Sirius and Orion, matched the first day of the 36 successive decades and called these stars decans. During any one night, a sequence of 12 decans would be seen to rise and was used to count the hours. (This division of the night sky, later adjusted to account for the epagomenal days, had close parallels to the Babylonian zodiac. The signs of the zodiac each accounting for three of the decans. This astrological device was exported to India and then to Medieval Europe via Islam.) Egyptian Clock Time Early man divided the day into temporal hours whose length depended upon the time of year. A summer hour, with the longer period of daylight, would be longer than that of a winter day. It was the Egyptians who first divided the day (and night) into 24 temporal hours. The Egyptians measured time during the day using shadow clocks, precursors to the more recognizable sun dials seen today. Records suggest that early shadow clocks were based on the shadow from a bar crossing four marks, representing hourly periods starting two hours into the day. At midday, when the sun was at its highest, the shadow clock would be reversed and hours counted down to dusk. An improved version using a rod (or gnomon) and which indicates the time according to the length and position of the shadow has survived from the second millennia BCE. Problems with observing the sun and stars may have been the reason the Egyptians invented the water clock, or clepsydra (meaning water thief in Greek). The earliest remaining example survives from the Temple of Karnak is dated to the 15th century BCE. Water drips through a small hole in one container to a lower one. Marks on either container can be used to give a record of hours passed. Some Egyptian clepsydras have several sets of marks to be used at different times of the year, to maintain consistency with the seasonal temporal hours. The design of the clepsydra was later adapted and improved by the Greeks. The Influence of Astronomy on Minutes and Hours As a result of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, a great wealth of knowledge of astronomy was exported from Babylon into India, Persia, the Mediterranean, and Egypt. The great city of Alexandria with its impressive Library, both founded by the Greek-Macedonian family of Ptolemy, served as an academic center. Temporal hours were of little use to astronomers, and around 127 CE Hipparchus of Nicea, working in the great city of Alexandria, proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. These equinoctial hours, so called because they are based on the equal length of day and night at the equinox, split the day into equal periods. (Despite his conceptual advance, ordinary people continued to use temporal hours for well over a thousand years: the conversion to equinoctial hours in Europe was made when mechanical, weight driven clocks were developed in the 14th century.) The division of time was further refined by another Alexandrian based philosopher, Claudius Ptolemeus, who divided the equinoctial hour into 60 minutes, inspired by the scale of measurement used in ancient Babylon. Claudius Ptolemaeus also compiled a great catalog of over one thousand stars, in 48 constellations and recorded his concept that the universe revolved around the Earth. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was translated into Arabic (in 827 CE) and later into Latin (in the 12th century CE). These star tables provided the astronomical data used by Gregory XIII for his reform of the Julian calendar in 1582. Sources Richards, EG. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa. James Curry Ltd., University of California Press, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1990.

The Relationship Between Media Consumption And Eating...

Are you ever curious about what factors might influence educated women to have an eating disorder? As a female, I’ve always wondered if eating disorders that I have seen affect women are linked to the ideas that the media puts out for women to consume. Advertisements, television shows and magazines are all categorized as media. Female college students are exposed to media on a day to day basis, and would have to live off the grid to get away from its influence. When researching for my answer I was able to find an article titled, â€Å"The Relationship Between Media Consumption and Eating Disorders,† which includes a research study, which may or may not prove that there is a relationship between these two things in female college students. Kristen Harrison and Joanne Cantor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison wrote this article by composing it into sections. The first component includes the definitions of the eating disorders that will be included into the stud y then, the influence of mass media on women. Then the authors talked about a theory called the social learning theory. Lastly, Harrison and Canton write about their research study including their hypothesis, method and results. Kristen Harrison and Joanne Cantor set out to find if there is a relationship between media consumption and eating disorders, specifically anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa based on media. Anorexia nervosa or anorexia is defined in the article as †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a potentially life threatening disorderShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders and Western Culture845 Words   |  3 Pageshas been found that eating disorders are most common in the western and industrialized culture where food is abundant. This is because these individuals attach a lot of importance to their physical appearance and are willing to do anything to get the dream figure. 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Time Management Skill Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Time Management. Answer: Wearing a watch has for a long time been a conventionally accepted practice among many people. Hanging wall clocks in our houses is also a very typical behavior and practice in many homes. Also, thousands of street clocks have for long been erected in the main streets and cities. The question is, what purpose do all these timekeeping apparatus serve? Time management has been a problem with most people (Koch, 2002) and some have tried to rescue themselves from this issue but to no avail. Indeed, even those with solid timemanagement abilities understand that there is dependably opportunity to get better. Getting to be plainly profitable with your chance is tied in with looking to make consistent and ceaseless enhancements to the way that you play out your work. Gratefully, there are many timemanagement aptitudes which you can enhance to enable you to improve comes about. One of the greatest mix-ups made by the individuals who battle with their time management is feeling that time management abilities are entirely behavioral, e.g., you set an objective, and you take a shot at it. In any case, in all actuality vast numbers of the most critical time administration abilities are psychological, i.e., they are thinking forms. Time management skills have an impact in attaining our life goals and in running smooth businesses and careers. (Spencer, 2001). I have selected to research time management as I think I am related to this topic and I have very often been a victim of poor time management. In this report, I would outline a few concepts on time management skills that I have learned and their implication to effective management practice. Later I would give an account of how knowledge and implementation of these skills have enabled me to improve my management practices. Time management is the act of managing your time effectively to achieve your goals (Edward 1976). Good time management depends on planning and time budgeting. In a day a person has 24 hours. To effectively manage these hours, one has to plan. Planning involves knowing what to do at that time. Planning ensures that all tasks to be done are scheduled for and are allocated enough time. Prioritizing activities is a useful step in planning. Remember good plan is only effective when written down. A planning tool is important in improving productivity. The tool should always be at your reach and should be reviewed daily. Knowing yourself is an important skill in time management. People are different and take different durations to do different tasks. In managing your time, you would probably use for hours to do tasks you find challenging. In the case where you spend more on a particular task, like preparing for work, it is important to wake up a bit early to have enough time to make. It is also good to know what time of the day you are more active. Is it during the morning or night? By doing this, you will be able to schedule important tasks within the times where you are very active and slightly critical or demanding duties in the other hours. Time management is not an independent ability. You can't watch over time however you most likely comprehend that. You can just monitor how you use your opportunity and how you use your chance ought to be determined by favorable objective setting. The most dominant of time management aptitudes is the capability to use your chance in a way which serves your objectives. Core interest. When resolving on choices about what to concentrate your opportunity on, you ought to dependably be cognizant of your objectives and how each activity is gone for conveying you nearer to achieving those goals. Set your priorities. Timekeeping requires a distinction between what is significant and what is urgent (MacKenzie, 1990). Professionals approve that the most vital tasks usually aren't the most urgent ones. However, we have a habit of to letting the urgency dominate our lives. Covey, Merrill, and Merrill (1994) study categorized our activities into four quadrants in their Time Management Matrix: urgent, not urgent, important and not important. If an activity is important and urgent, then prioritize it first. Concentrating on these important activities allows you to gain greater control over your time and possibly reduce the number of critical tasks that do become urgent. Get Organized. Good organization of tasks to be done is effective in management practice. You should devise a system that allows you to only handle a task once and complete it. Many people start one task, then even before finishing, they pick up another one. This often results in poor results of both tasks. Usually, you may have five options for handling information: To get rid of it, Delegate it, act on it yourself, file it temporarily until u find more knowledge to work on it and lastly you may file it permanently where you can easily find it later. Delegate. Delegate refers to assigning out various tasks to each person, authorizing some of your chance for errands that require your skill. Designation starts by identifying the particular errands that others can do and after that identifying the suitable person(s) to do them. You have to choose an individual with the appropriate abilities, knowledge, scheming, and expertise needed to accomplish the task. Be as specific as plausible in illustrating the undertaking and your desires, yet enable the person some chance to modify the errand. Incidentally check to decide how well the person is proceeding and to give any help, being mindful so as not to assume control over the responsibility. At long last, bear in mind to compensate the individual for a vocation well done or make commendations for changes if necessary. (Dodd and Sundheim, 2005). Stop Procrastinating. This is among one of the most important tasks. Refrain from transferring task to another time. Instead, dividing the task into smaller segments that require less time commitment and result in specific, realistic deadlines. In order to motivate you to do certain tasks, you can build a reward system at the end of every small task Managing external time wasters and distractors. Everyone can account for one time when they had seriously planned to do a certain task then all of a sudden from nowhere some friends come to visit you, and since you couldn't ignore them, you were forced to procrastinate the task. Dealing with this problem may be a hard nut to crack but if the possible drop off a few friends who may deter you from effective time management. Besides, let them understand your schedule and know when they can be free to interrupt. Abstain from multitasking. Late mental investigations have demonstrated that multi-entrusting does not really spare time. In 9. Stay away from Multi-entrusting actuality; the inverse is frequently valid. You lose time when changing starting with one assignment than to the next, bringing about lost efficiency (Rubinsteim, Meyer, and Evans, 2001). Routine multi-entrusting may prompt trouble in concentrating and keeping up center when required. Rather, sort out yourself on how you can do one undertaking at any given moment. When you require someone else to do some work for you; you will need to impart in a way which will allow them to play out the work to the coveted standard, in the speediest time. Should any mistakes happen, you will need to bring up the issue quickly and illuminate clearly about the changes that should be effected? In these situations, the nature of your communication candidly affects the quality of the work that completes. Adapting abilities and stress administration. Time administration is not only a behavioral expertise. It is psychological as well. You're considering, and mentality assumes a huge part in deciding your outcomes. Knowing how to adapt to difficulties will enable you to bob back rapidly and diminish the measure of time lost when things turn out badly. Time administration aptitudes and stress management abilities are entwined. They likewise have one noteworthy thing in like manner they enable you to comprehend that it is smarter to keep the issue happening than dealing with it once it occurs. On the off chance that you need to enhance your opportunity administration aptitudes, make proactive anxiety management a custom in your life. Tolerance is both an excellence and an ability in time management. Timekeeping abilities are tied in with guaranteeing that you complete the crucial work. You could attempt to concentrate on accomplishing all the more however you wind up hurrying things and committing errors. When you have amended the missteps (if it is conceivable to do as such), you will have invested more energy than if you'd take as much time as is needed and done the activity legitimately.In my action plan, the main aim was to improve on time management skills through some activities I learned from the concepts noted above. Before I undertook this action plan, I assessed myself using a questionnaire to range my actual position before knowledge on the concepts. From my assessment, I noted some features or behaviors I did which hindered my time management capabilities. In my assessment, I realized that I had life goal but they were not specific, and they were also not time bound. My focus was to attain the goals, but I did not have a clear and well-defined plan on how to achieve my goals. I also did not have a daily to-do list, and this made me have a difficult time in prioritizing activities to do during my studying and working hours. Lack of a to-do list resulted in doing other activities are were not aligned in steps of achieving my set goals. I also noted that I did not delegate most of my duties and this overwhelmed me resulting in a bad performance in school and at work. Since I was in school and also did part-time jobs, I had little time to be with my friends and family. I knew I was a morning person, but I did not utilize this to plan for my activities. Many at times I would struggle to read in the late hours of the night. I would procrastinate tasks including assignments from school, and this would result in poor grades and stressful moments. I did not have a well-defined plan for jobs to do and did not schedule time for interruption. At the end of my tasks, I did not have a rewarding system, and this resulted in reduced motivation to do tasks. Usually, I would start several tasks simultaneously and the end of it all the productivity of all tasks would reduce. My action plan was among many things; to buy a watch, to wake up early and plan for the day, to have a to-do list daily, to priorities activities based on their importance and urgency, to review my plan list daily and often; to avoid procrastinating, to refrain from people who would act as distractors, to finish my assignments in a timely manner and more importantly to develop a positive attitude on time management and to realize the importance of time management. Getting a new watch was very useful in monitoring time when doing activities. Before I would use my phone to check the time but this would later lead me to reply to a text message from my phone and accessing the internet social media platform, and eventually I would find myself having have wasted a lot of time on my phone while the intention was only to check the time. With my watch on my wrist, I no longer miss the bus or reach to work late. I have recently also been able to monitor the duration in which I do specific tasks, and this has helped me in the planning of these tasks. Having a daily to-do list has been of importance in the managing of my time. Every day I have a list of tasks that I should do before the day ends. My tasks are ordered based on the importance and urgency. This to-do list has helped me priorities activities and leave out those that were not purposeful and derailed me away from achieving my goals. Reviewing the "to do list" every day before I sleep has helped me keep track of the tasks I did not finish and possibly try to finish them the next day. Procrastination has still been a struggle for me and even after getting to learn concepts about it, I still find myself transferring tasks to a later date and affects my whole schedule for the next day. However, in my action plan, I am thinking of putting up ways of rewarding myself when I finish tasks way before the deadline. I am hoping this will help me solve the procrastinating problem. In school and my part-time job I get to meet and make friends every day, and some of them are distractors to my schedule. In my action plan, I proposed to avoid them and allocating time for them only when it is urgent and when I have no important pending tasks. However, this also has been a struggle because none of them understands my intentions in improving my time management skills and so would frequently distract me. The delegation of a task has been of help to me and gave me more time to finish up another task. However, to those, I delegate they are often not determined to finish up the work in time, and this has resulted in me having to finish up, or even do entirely a task I had delegated. Also, I have managed to get some free time by paying for services that would use up most of my time. For example, taking clothes to laundry or looking for a person to do household chores for me has saved me a few minutes to complete pending tasks. From my pretest measures, I realized that I am a morning person and I am most active in the morning hours. This has helped me especially in my schoolwork where I would wake up early to read instead of reading up to late in the night. Notably. I have improved my performance in class after I started doing that. Also concerning this, I had prioritized task that needs more concentration and attention and planned them in the morning. I have actualized the rewarding system whereby I often reward myself like buy a cake every time I complete a major task. This has built my motivation and spirit in doing tasks in real time. Social media is indeed a good platform, but I realized from my pretest that I would spend more time in social media until I had no time left to do other tasks. I have avoided this by only accessing social media during the night and not in the day hours. This has improved my productivity in tasks that I do during the day. Understanding the importance of time management and teaching others on the same concepts have also seen me improve my time management skills. Having people to keep you in check every time you deter from you time goals has also helped me a lot. From my action plan outcome it is clear that the principles learned in time management skills is relevant and I have been following them to the later, and the results are good on my side. I would recommend anyone with need in time management to monitor the principles. References: Spencer, B. (2001). College students who wear watches: locus of control and motivational sources.Psychological reports,88(1), 83-84. Koch, C. J., Kleinmann, M. (2002). A stitch in time saves nine: Behavioural decision-making explanations for time management problems.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,11(2), 199-217. Rubinsteim, J., Meyer, D. Evans, J. (2001). Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, 27(4), 763-797 MacKenzie, A. (1990). The Time Trap (3rd ed.). New York: American Management Association. Trueman, M., Hartley, J. (1996). A comparison between the time-management skills and academic performance of mature and traditional-entry university students.Higher education,32(2), 199-215. Misra, R., McKean, M. (2000). College students' academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction.American Journal of Health Studies,16(1), 41. Britton, B. K., Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades.Journal of educational psychology,83(3), 405. Cemaloglu, N., Filiz, S. (2010). The relation between time management skills and academic achievement of potential teachers.Educational Research Quarterly,33(4), 3.